
Periods -
A period in the Periodic table is a horizontal
row of elements. The elements are sorted to where the increase by one going to the left to right. The elements in the same period have the same amount of orbitals or energy shells. Orbitals are the shells that the electrons are in around the nucleus. There are 7 periods in the Periodic Table, excluding the lanthanides and actinides,
which can be found at the bottom. Each next element in a period has one more proton than the previous one(left to right)

Groups/Families
A group or a family in the periodic table
is a vertical column. Elements in the same
group have similar chemical properties and have the same amount of valence electrons. The groups of the periodic table
include Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Lanthanoids, Actinoids, Transition metals, Post-transition Metals, Metalloids, Reactive nonmetals, and Noble Gases. They are sorted vertically by numbers, which represent their valence electrons. (Ex - Group 18 = 8 valence electrons).

Role of Valence Electrons -
Valence electrons are the electrons that
are housed in the outermost shell. Valence
electrons determine where the element is placed in the periodic table. All the elements in the same group will have the same number of valence electrons. In addition, the number of valence electrons determines if the element is chemically stable or not. The closer the element is to be to 8 valence electrons(unreactive), the more reactive it becomes, because it wants to become stable.

Role of Protons -
A proton is one of the three subatomic
particles found in the nucleus. The proton
has a charge of +1. It is in the nucleus and is balanced with neutral neutrons, and the proton attracts the negatively charged protons and keeps them in orbit around the nucleus. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines which chemical element it is. The number of protons determines the atomic number of an element (1 proton, atomic number 1), which is how the periodic table is sorted. Going left to right, the atomic number starts at 1 and keeps increasing.

Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
Metals are located in most groups 1-
13 and some of groups 14-16 of the
periodic table. Metalloids are in a
diagonal row from groups 13-17 on
the table. Non-metals occupy groups 14-17
and all of group 18(besides Oganesson). Metals are hard, shiny, fusible, malleable, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, are not malleable or ductile, have low melting points, and are soft. Metalloids look like metals but behave like nonmetals. They are shiny, brittle solids with intermediate to relatively good electrical conductivity, and are semiconductors.

Groups in the periodic table -
Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals,
Transition Metals, Boron Family,
Carbon Family, Nitrogen Family,
Oxygen Family, Halogens, and
Noble Gases

Alkali Metals -
Alkali metals are found in group 1 of the periodic table, however, Hydrogen is not a part of the Alkali Metals. This group consists of Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, & Francium. This group is extremely reactive, as they only need to get rid of their one valence electron to be able to be non-reactive. Alkali metals are very silver and can be cut with a kitchen knife. The elements in this group cannot be found naturally, and only in salts. In addition, when stored, they have to be stored under oil to prevent them from reacting to the air. They are extremely chemically reactive and react with water, oxygen, and non-metals. Sodium, when combined with chloride, gives us salt, used every day when cooking. In addition, potassium is found in bananas, and is a crucial electroltye needed for the human body.



Alkaline Earth Metals -
Alkaline Earth Metals are found in group 2 of the periodic table. This group consists of Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium. This element is less reactive than the Alkaline Metals, but still very reactive because they only must get rid of 2 electrons. These metals are silvery or white, shiny, semi-reactive metals at standard temperature, and readily lose their outermost electrons. All the Alkaline Earth Metals occur naturally. Calcium is found in milk and is an important mineral to help build and strengthen your bones. Beryllium is used in gears and cogs particularly in the aviation industry, to help the planes run smoothly.




Transition Metals -
Transition Metals are located in the middle of the periodic table, from groups 3-12. This group consists of many elements, some of which being Titanium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, and Zinc. They are good conductors, malleable, ductile, have high melting points and densities, and are hard. They are the metals that you are familiar with(Ex. Gold, Silver, Copper, etc.). Less reactive than alkali metals, but still quite reactive. Some are quite unreactive, such as silver and gold. Since they take up such a big space in the table and take up multiple groups, their reactivity cannot be classified similarly. Gold, which is one of the more expensive materials in the transition metals, is used in jewelry, and is a "luxury". Titanium is very hard and strong, as well as malleable, and is used in bad bone breaks; a titanium rod is inserted in the place of the bone.



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Periods -
A period in the Periodic table is a horizontal
row of elements. The elements are sorted to where the increase by one going to the left to right. The elements in the same period have the same amount of orbitals or energy shells. Orbitals are the shells that the electrons are in around the nucleus. There are 7 periods in the Periodic Table, excluding the lanthanides and actinides,
which can be found at the bottom. Each next element in a period has one more proton than the previous one(left to right)

Groups/Families
A group or a family in the periodic table
is a vertical column. Elements in the same
group have similar chemical properties and have the same amount of valence electrons. The groups of the periodic table
include Alkali metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Lanthanoids, Actinoids, Transition metals, Post-transition Metals, Metalloids, Reactive nonmetals, and Noble Gases. They are sorted vertically by numbers, which represent their valence electrons. (Ex - Group 18 = 8 valence electrons).
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