Periods in the Periodic Table

The periods in the Periodic Table of Elements is the horizontal rows. There are in total 7 periods in the table. When elements are in the same period, they have the same amount of electron shells. Every next element in theperiodic table has one more additonal proton.

Groups/Families in the Periodic Table

The family/groups in the periodic table are the vertical columns. Due to their similar chemical showing, the group members share similar chemical and physical properties. This simialr relationship also shows similar reactivity amongst the group members.

Protons offer the central electrostatic force that attracts and holds the atomic electrons together. In simpler terms, they have a positive charge to them and they determine the identitiy of an element. Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom.

Role of Protons

The Elemental Properties

The periodic table is sectioned into three parts: Metals, Non-Metals, and Metalloids. The metals are located where the red is highlighted in the image below. These metals are malleable, lustrous(shiny), and ductile. They are also high conductors of electricity and heat. Next is nonmetals and they located on the far right of the peridic table where the blue is highlighted and also hydrogen on the top left. Non-metals are very brittle and dull,and are in their gaseous state. Lastly, we have metalloids. The

Valence Electrons

Valence electrons are the electrons on the outermost energy level. Any elements in the same group contain the same amount of valence electrons. They also help with the formation of chemical bonds. To determine the reactivity of the element, if the valence electrons add up to 8, the element is not reactive. If there is only one valence electron, the element is highly reactive. Valence electrons between 1-7 is reactive while 8 is not. You can notice a pattern of determining reactivity. To form compounds, you have to have all elements you use together ad up to 8 valence electrons.

Alkali Metals

Alkali metals are located in group 1 of the periodic table. Elements in the Alkali Metal family include Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Caesium(Cs), Francium(Fr). It contains high thermal energy and is very high in conducting electricity. t is ductile and malleable, is lustrous, and every single element in this group have the same amount of valence electrons. 

Lithium is a quite soft, silvery-white in color metal. It is the metal that is least dense and immensely reactive. The most common use for lithium is from rechargeable batteries when charging your devices such as a phone, tablet, or laptop.

Another element is potassium and this element and is also known to be very soft and has a low melting point. It is white with a silvery luster and is a good conductor of heat and electricity. The most common use for potassium is soap as we use it everyday for washing ourselves.

Images for Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth metals are located in group 2 of the periodic table. The elements inside its group are Beryllium(Be), Magnesium(Mg), Calcium(Ca), Strontium(Sr),Barium(Ba), and Radium(Ra). The elements in the Alkaline Earth Metals are shiny and silvery white, with low melting and boiling points, and low densities. They also have low electronegativity, low electron affinity, and low ionization energy, are highly reactive, and great conductors of electricity. All Alkaline Earth Metal elements contain two valence electrons. 

Beryllium is a silvery-white metal that is quite soft and possesses a low density. It is also quite lustrous and has exceptional thermal conductivity. A common use for beryllium is from gears and cogs.

Calcium Is a silvery-white metal and is very soft. It reacts with water and tarnishes quickly in the air, and it is also known for having a low density. The most common use for calcium is any dairy-based products such as milk, yogurt, cheese, etc. 

Images for Alkaline Earth Metals

Transition Metals

Transition Metals are located in the short columns in the center of the periodic table. Some elements that are in the group are Cobalt(Co), Nickel(Ni), Copper(Cu), etc. Transition Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, have high melting points, is malleable, have high densities, and is ductile. They are less reactive than Alkali Metals.

Copper is red-like colored metal with a vibrant metallic luster/shine. It is also a good conductor and quite malleable. A common use for copper is copper wiring which is found in refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, etc. 

Titanium is a strong metal with a low density and is lustrous. It has a metallic white color to it and has a fairly high melting point. A common use of titanium is toothpaste as it is combined to create a whitening pigment.

Images For Transition Metals

Boron Family

The Boron Family is located in group 13 on the periodic table. Elements in this group are Boron(B), Aluminium(AI), Gallium(Ga), Indium(In), Thallium(Ti), and Nihonium(Nh). All of the elements in the boron family are metals except boron which is a metalloid. They are fairly reactive at various temperatures and the broon family contains three valence electrons.

Boron is a metalloid(between a metal and a non-metal) and it is black and lustrous. It is also a semiconductor and it is quite hard. A common use for boron is eyedrops as it contains boric acid.

Aluminum possesses a high density and high thermal conductivity. It has excellent resistance, to corrosion, and ca be easily formed. A common use of aluminum Is aluminum foil as it is mainly consisted of it.