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Dear Reader,

I hope this book gives you a good 

understanding of Chemistry. This book 

covers a lot of topics but it's very 

interesting. By the end, you should be a 

chemistry expert!

Enjoy!

What is chemistry? 

To start of chemistry is a form of physical 

science. It's the study of the composition, 

properties and behavior of matter. 

             The Atom

Throughout history, there have been many 

different drawings of how an atom looks. 

The Bohr model is the most correct version 

of the atom.

A subatomic particle is a particle smaller 

than an atom. These particles include 

neutrons, electrons, and protons. Each of 

these have their own charge. 

Proton- Positive    Electron- Negative    Neutron- 

Neutral (No charge)

There are three types of electron bonding. 

They are covalent, ionic, and polar covalent 

bonds.

Ionic Bonds- Between a metal and non metal.

Covalent Bonds- Between two non-metals.

Polar Covalent Bonds- Between two non-

metals with different electronegativities.

The picture on the left shows the 

periodic table and its trends. It shows 

where nonmetals and metals are. It 

also shows how to tell the atomic 

radius. Elements are categorized by 

these trends.

The table on left is a picture of a real 

periodic table containing elements.

When you have two different 

elements,   the first word is the name 

of the first element. The second word 

tells you the second element and how 

many atoms there are in the 

compound. The second word normally 

ends in IDE. 

When you have two non-metals the 

prefix of the second element changes 

based on how many atoms there are in 

the compound.

How can you write a formula?

1. Identify the symbols for each element.

Ex. Copper is Cu and Oxide is O

2. Identify the charge for each and place 

above the symbol in parenthesis. 

Ex. For Copper I that would be 1+ and for Oxide that would be 2-

3. Balance the positive and negative charges.

Since each Copper is 1+ and each Oxide is 2- then it will take two Cu+ to 

balance one oxide with a 2- so that 2(1+) + 1(2-) = 0. The numbers 

outside the parenthesis become the subscripts in the formula

4. Write the formula placing the subscripts right after the symbol they go 

with. 

Cu2O

There are six types of reactions.

Combustion: When oxygen combines with 

another compound to form water and carbon 

dioxide.

Example: 

C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

Synthesis: Two or more simple compounds 

combine to form a more complicated one.

Example: A + B ---> AB

Combustion of iron and sulfur to from iron (II) 

sulfide

8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS

Decomposition: Is the opposite of a synthesis 

reaction. It's a complex molecule breaks down 

to make simpler ones.

Example: AB ---> A + B

 The electrolysis of water to make oxygen and 

hydrogen gas.

2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2

Single Displacement: When one element 

trades places with another element in a 

compound. 

Example: A + BC ---> AC + B

When magnesium replaces hydrogen in water 

to make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen 

gas. 

Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2

Double Displacement: When the anions and 

cations of two different molecules switch 

places, forming two entirely different 

compounds.

Example: AB + CD ---> AD + CB

The reaction of lead (II) nitrate with 

potassium iodide to form lead (II) iodide and 

potassium nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3

Acid-Base: Special kind of double 

displacement reaction that takes place when 

an acid and base react with each other. The 

H+ ion in the acid reacts with the OH- ion in 

the base, causing the formation of water.

Example: HA + BOH ---> H2O + BA

The reaction of hydrobromic acid (HBr) with 

sodium hydroxide:

HBr + NaOH ---> NaBr + H2O

What is a mole?

A mole is a unit of measurement used in 

chemistry to express amounts of a 

chemical substance.

How to solve a mole problem?

Step one: Figure out how many parts your 

calculation will have by using the diagram

Step two: Make fractions by putting whatever 

information you were given on the top. Put 

whatever units you were given on the bottom. 

Step three: Put the conversion factors into the 

fractions in front of the units on the right.

Step four: Cancel out the units from the top 

left and bottom right between the fractions. 

Then find the answer by multiplying 

everything on the top together and dividing it 

by everything on the bottom.

Boyle's Law: Says the volume of a given 

amount of gas held at the same temperature 

varies with the applied pressure when the 

temperature and mass are constant.

Equation: P1V1 = P2V2

Charles Law: Says the volume of a given 

amount of gas held at constant pressure is 

directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Equation: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 = V3 / T3 etc.

Gay- Lussac's Law: The pressure of a given 

amount of gas held at constant volume is 

directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Equation: P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 

Definitions- 

Fusion: Between solid and liquid (melting or 

freezing)

Vaporization: Between liquid and gas (Boiling 

or condensing)

Condensation: The conversion of a vapor or 

gas to a liquid.

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