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Table of contents:

Simple Machines: Pulleys 3-8

Analogy of Pulleys 9-12

Rocks and Minerals:

 How to Classify   13-19

How to Remember Rock formations by 

Primary Colors 20-24

Water Erosion 25-28

Analogy of the Process 29-30

Electricity- Building a Circuit 

(Series and Parallel) 31-32

Series Circuit and Analogy 33-34

Parallel Circuit and Analogy 35-36

Magnet Experiment: Opposites Attract 37-38

Analogy of Reverse Polarity 39-40

Simple machines.

A pulley 

is a rotating wheel or drum with 

a drive element which is a rope 

or string wrapped around it. The 

rope is attached to a weight or 

load. When the rope is pulled, 

the wheel turns and moves the 

load on the other side. Pulleys 

can move loads vertical (up and 

down) and horizontal (side to 

side) and are great for hard to 

reach places. A double pulley has 

two wheels to help distribute the 

weight of the load. 

Pulleys work in two ways.

1.     They can be used to change the direction 

of a force.

2.     They can make 

work easier by 

reducing the amount 

of force needed to lift 

something. 

Pulleys are a form of simple machine. There 

are 6 simple machines. They are a lever, 

wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, a 

wedge and a screw. Simple machines 

function in a way that makes work against a 

resistance force easier to accomplish. In 

other words, they were created to make our 

job of moving stuff easier. Can you think of a 

few simple machines? 

As the load is being 

supported by two sections 

of rope (via pulley A), 

each rope will bear half of 

the loads weight or 50kg 

in this example. Pulley A is 

being subject to the full 

weight of the load 

(100kg).The directional or 

redirect pulley (pulley B) 

supports half of the weight 

of the load (50kg) on one 

side but an effort of 50kg 

is being applied on the 

other side to raise the 

load, so pulley B and its 

anchor are actually being 

loaded with 100kg.

Another way to think of pulley systems is to think 

of a wishing well and a bucket of water. Wells are 

holes in the earth that naturally purified water are 

kept deep underground. The only way to bring up 

the water is to create a well with a pulley system. 

The bucket is tied to one side of drive element 

(rope) wrapped around a drum (wheel) and the 

person wanting the water pulls the rope to lift the 

bucket out of the water or to lower it back down. 

In this picture there is also a crank on the end of 

the drum so that the operator never has to get 

rope burn! People are clever aren’t they?

This is an example 

of a single pulley 

system. 

The chain connecting to a bicycle back wheel 

uses a pulley to take the motion from one's feet 

on the pedals and move the wheel forward.

The two larger gears are the first set of pulley 

system which allows the wheels to be turned by 

the crank of the pedal. But on a multi-speed 

bike, the smaller gears act as a second drive 

system that distributes the force differently and 

makes the first gears faster.

Rock vs. Mineral

A mineral is a solid formation that occurs 

naturally in the earth while a rock is a solid 

combination of more than one mineral, which is 

also occurring naturally.

A mineral has a unique chemical composition and 

is necessarily defined by its crystalline structure 

and shape. 

A rock can be composed of several minerals it is 

classified according to the process of its 

formation. A rock can also contain organic 

remains. 

 In order to classify minerals, Geologists use 

seven properties to distinguish them apart. They 

are color, streak, hardness, texture, luster, 

cleavage, chemical reaction, and density. This is 

the Hardness Chart.

There are three types of rock. 

Analogy of the rock types:

The word "igneous" comes from the Latin for 

fire, and what igneous rocks have in common is 

that they formed by the cooling and 

crystallization of a melt. Think of the Primary 

Color Red because these rocks have been made 

by high temperature molten lava!

The word sedimentary means to settle. And that’s 

how these rocks are formed. They are made when 

living things decompose and become part of the 

sand and mud that settles. Over time these rocks 

tell a story. Think of these rocks as the color of 

blue. 

And minerals are what make up all the 

composition of all other types of rock. So they 

are the color yellow. Another primary color.

The word “metamorphic” means to change 

form. So think of the color green. Green is 

not a primary color, and metamorphic rocks 

are rocks that have combined to change to 

another kind of rock. When you mix blue and 

yellow it becomes green.

Water

Erosion

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