WHAT IS LAW?

law is a rule of conduct developed by the government or society over a certain territory. Law follows certain practices and customs in order to deal with crime, business, social relationships, property, finance, etc. The Law is controlled and enforced by the controlling authority. Let us explore the various definitions of law by different authors in detail.

There are broadly five definitions of Business Law. Let’s walk through each of them briefly.

In the natural school of thought, a court of justice decides all the laws. There are two main parts of this definition. One, to actually understand a certain law, an individual must be aware of its purpose. Two, to comprehend the true nature of law, one must consult the courts and not the legislature.

John Austin’s law definition states “Law is the aggregate set of rules set by a man as politically superior, or sovereign to men, as political subjects.” Thus, this definition defines law as a set of rules to be followed by everyone,  regardless of their stature.

Hans Kelsen created the ‘pure theory of law’. Kelsen states that law is a ‘normative science’. In Kelson’s law definition, the law does not seek to describe what must occur, but rather only defines certain rules to abide by.

Friedrich Karl von Savigny gave the historical law definition. His law definition states the following theories.

Leon Duguit states that law as “essentially and exclusively as a social fact.”Rudolph Von Ihering’s law definition. – “The form of the guarantee of conditions of life of society, assured by State’s power of  constraint.”This definition has three important parts. One, the law is a means of social control. Two, the law is to serve the purposes of the society. Three, law due to its nature, is coercive.

Roscoe Pound studied the term law and thus came up with his own law definition. He considered the law to be predominantly a tool of social engineering.

Where conflicting pulls of political philosophy, economic interests, and ethical values constantly struggled for recognition.

Against a background of history, tradition and legal technique. Social wants are satisfied by law acting which is acting as a social institution.

The realist law definition describes the law in terms of judicial processes. Oliver Wendell Holmes stated – “Law is a statement of  the circumstances in which public force will be brought to bear upon through courts.”

According to Benjamin Nathan Cardozo who stated “A principle or rule of conduct so established as to justify a prediction with reasonable certainty that it will be enforced by the courts if its authority is challenged, is a principle or rule of law.”

As the above law definitions state, human behavior in the society is controlled with the help of law. It aids in the cooperation between members of a society. Law also helps to avoid any potential conflict of interest and also helps to resolve them.

Question: What is the ‘pure theory of law’ and who proposed it? 

Answer: Hans Kelsen was the who proposed the ‘pure theory of law’. The pure theory of law states that the law does not seek to describe what must occur, but rather defines rules that individuals have to abide by. He states that the law is a ‘normative science’.

HOW THE LAW IS MADE?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdiCDC5rthM

HOW DOES EU PASS NEW LAWS?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8C0Kq7ioOpk

A Bill is not a law. Rather, it is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an existing law. Existing laws can be changed because of something called parliamentary sovereignty which means that every Parliament is as powerful as the ones before and after it. This means that Parliament cannot make laws which would restrict a future Parliament. Therefore, all laws (including the Human Rights Act) can be changed or replaced.

To become a law, a Bill has to be debated and agreed upon by the two Houses of Parliament: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is made up of Members of Parliament, known as MPs who are elected by the public to represent local areas (or constituencies)

A Bill can be introduced by the Government, individual MPs or Lords or private individuals or organisations.There are also Draft Bills. These are issued for consultation before being formally introduced to Parliament which allows changes to be made before the formal introduction of the Bill. Draft Bills may be examined by select committees from the Commons or Lords or by a joint committee of members from both Houses. Draft Bills can take the form of White Papers which state definite intentions for government policy. They can also take the form of Green Papers which usually put forward ideas for future government policy and are open to public discussion and consultation.

To start the process to become a law, Bills have to be formally introduced in what is known as the first reading. This involves reading the title of the Bill in the Parliament. It can happen at any time during the Parliamentary Session and does not usually include debate about the contents of the Bill. Following this, the Bill will be published for the first time.

The next stage is the second reading, which is the first opportunity for MPs to debate the main principles of the Bill. The debate will be started by the Government minister, spokesperson or MP responsible for the Bill. The Opposition spokesperson will then respond with their views on the Bill. This will continue the debate, with MPs able to give their views on the new Bill and what they think might be missing. At the end of the debate, the deputies will vote on whether the Bill should proceed to the next stage.

If a Bill passes the second reading, it will then go to the Committee stage. This involves a line-by-line examination of the Bill. Most Bills will be dealt with in a Public Bill Committee. The Committee can hear evidence from experts and interest groups from outside Parliament. The chair of the committee will decide what changes (sometimes called amendments) to the Bill will be discussed. Every part (or clause) in the Bill must be agreed to, changed or removed during this stage. Some parts (clauses) will not be debated.

Once a Bill has completed the committee stage, it goes through the report stage. At this point the Bill can be debated by the deputies and any further changes can be proposed. If a Bill is particularly complicated or long, this stage of debate could last for several days. All MPs can suggest any amendments or new parts that they think should be added.

After the report stage, the MPshave the final debate on the Bill. This is known as the third reading and usually happens immediately after the report stage. This debate is usually shorter than the previous debates and is limited to the current content of the Bill. Any amendments (or changes) cannot be made to a Bill in the Parliament at this stage. At the end of the debate MPs will vote on whether to approve the Bill.

If there are no amendments to the Bill, it will be sent to the President for Assent.

 After President's  Assent, implementing the law becomes the responsibility of the Government. The law may start immediately or after a certain date.

Music Department

MELIS TR07, NIKOLAOS TSOUKALAS

WHAT IS MUSIC - Music is the art form that combines rhythm and sound to form a functional melodic line. Music itself transcends time, space, and cultures. Music can carry a mood without speaking any specific words. It can also be captured and recorded in a written universal language unique unto any other art form.

                                       BULGARIA

COMMON FEATURES

- Folk music with complex rhythms. - Instruments: gaida (bagpipe), kaval (flute). - Choral traditions.

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

- Unique rhythms (7/8, 9/8). - High-pitched vocal techniques.

HE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

- Unique rhythms could inspire new music. - Gaida could be used in modern music.

                                           GREECE

COMMON FEATURES

- Folk music: rebetiko, laiko. - Instruments: bouzouki, lyra.

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

- Rebetiko blends Greek, Turkish, and Balkan styles. - Bouzouki is unique to Greece.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

- Rebetiko brings emotion to music. - Bouzouki adds a unique sound.

                                             FRANCE

COMMON FEATURES

- Classical music, chanson française (storytelling). - Accordion in folk music.

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

- Chanson française is a unique style. - Accordion is mostly used in France.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

unique style. - Accordion is mostly used in France. - Chanson can inspire poetic lyrics. - Accordion can enrich modern music.

                               TURKEY

COMMON FEATURES

- Ottoman classical and folk music. - Instruments: saz, oud, darbuka.

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

- Makams (modes) in Ottoman music. - Saz is unique to Turkey.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

- Makams can inspire new melodies. - Saz adds a unique sound to music.

                                       UKRAINE

COMMON FEATURES

- Folk music with bandura, kobza. - Dumy (epic songs).

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

- Bandura is unique to Ukraine. - Dumy are unique epic ballads.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

- Dumy can add emotion to music. - Bandura can bring new sounds.

COMMON FEATURES

Promotion of Music Diversity: All the countries' ministries promote musical diversity, supporting various genres and artists to maintain a rich cultural heritage (France's CNM (Centre national de la musique), for example, supports a broad range of musical genres)

International Collaboration: Many countries, such as France, support the international export of music, helping artists reach global audiences (like the CNM's role in promoting French music abroad)

Cultural Heritage Preservation: The ministries emphasize preserving and promoting the nation's musical heritage. This includes protecting traditional music and fostering its integration with modern styles

Support for Music Education: They all encourage artistic and cultural education, providing resources for students and professionals to develop their skills and understanding of music

DIFFERENCES

(SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Focus on Gender Equality: France, through initiatives like the CNM, actively works towards gender equality within the music industry, including tackling issues like harassment, whereas this is not highlighted in other countries' policies.

Decentralized Support: In France, there is a strong emphasis on decentralization, where local authorities play a significant role in supporting regional music and arts initiatives. In contrast, other countries like Bulgaria have a more centralized approach.

Public and Private Sector Collaboration: In France, there is a notable collaboration with private patrons and foundations to support music and arts funding. This is not as prominent in the other countries’ music sectors.

Focus on Innovation: France places significant importance on supporting innovation within the music industry, including promoting new technologies and exploring sustainability in music production. Other countries tend to focus more on tradition and heritage without as much emphasis on innovation.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

Law for Equal Opportunities in Music:
This law would guarantee equal access to funding, promotion, and performance opportunities for all musicians, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or background. It would focus on breaking down barriers for underrepresented groups in the music industry, inspired by France’s work towards gender equality

Law for the Protection of Traditional and Folk Music:
This law would provide funding and support for the preservation of traditional music and ensure it is passed down to future generations. It would also encourage the integration of traditional music into modern performances, helping to keep cultural heritage alive

Law for Sustainable Music Practices: This law would encourage musicians and music festivals to adopt environmentally sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and promoting eco-friendly events. This could include grants for musicians using sustainable instruments or technology. France is already considering the role of innovation in music, and this could be expanded to include sustainability

Written Art Department

MONIKA BONCHEVA

WHAT IS LITERATURE?

Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems. It includes both print and digital writing.

                                   BULGARIA

COMMON FEATURES

Bulgarian literature has a rich history, influenced by Slavic traditions, Ottoman rule, and later, socialist realism. Key authors include Ivan Vazov (national poet), Aleko Konstantinov (humorist), and Dimitar Talev (historical novelist). Themes often revolve around national identity, social issues, and the impact of historical events. The development of Bulgarian literature was significantly impacted by the country's struggle for independence and its subsequent political shifts.

DIFFERENCES

(SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Folklore Influence Strong integration of folklore

Historical Reflection National struggles

Philosophical Depth Existential themes

Literary Innovation Postmodern experimentation

Key Characteristics: Bulgarian literature often reflects the nation's history of struggle for independence and national identity. The themes include patriotism, folklore, and Orthodox Christian values.

Genres: Folk epics, romantic nationalism, and postmodern experimental works dominate.

Style: Bulgarian writers are known for blending folklore with contemporary themes. Metaphorical and symbolic language is prominent.

Key Figures: Ivan Vazov (Romantic nationalism, "Under the Yoke"), Elisaveta Bagryana (lyric poetry), and Georgi Gospodinov (postmodernism). 

Historical Context: The Bulgarian Revival Period (18th-19th centuries) marked a shift toward national awareness. Modern Bulgarian literature tackles existentialism and societal changes post-Communism.

                                            GREECE

COMMON FEATURES

Greek literature boasts a rich history, beginning with its classical period (Homer, Sophocles, Euripides) and continuing through Byzantine, Ottoman, and modern eras. Modern Greek literature often grapples with themes of national identity, history, and the legacy of classical antiquity. Key authors include Nikos Kazantzakis (philosophical novelist), Odysseas Elytis (Nobel laureate poet), and George Seferis (Nobel laureate poet).

DIFFERENCES

(SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Folklore Influence Strong integration of folklore

Historical Reflection National struggles

Philosophical Depth Existential themes

Literary Innovation Postmodern experimentation

Key Characteristics: Bulgarian literature often reflects the nation's history of struggle for independence and national identity. The themes include patriotism, folklore, and Orthodox Christian values.

Genres: Classical epics, Byzantine literature, modern poetry, and existential novels.

Style: Ancient Greek literature is marked by epic and dramatic structure, while modern works often use symbolic and lyrical styles.

Key Figures: Homer (epics, "The Iliad"), Nikos Kazantzakis ("Zorba the Greek"), and George Seferis (Nobel laureate in poetry).

Historical Context: From the epics of antiquity to the modern era, Greek literature has bridged classical and contemporary worlds, deeply tied to national identity and history.

                                        FRANCE

COMMON FEATURES

French literature is renowned for its intellectual depth and stylistic innovation. From the Enlightenment thinkers (Voltaire, Rousseau) to the Romantic poets (Victor Hugo, Lamartine) and the modernist writers (Marcel Proust, Albert Camus), French literature has consistently pushed boundaries. Themes often explore philosophical ideas, social critique, and the human condition. The French Revolution and subsequent political changes significantly impacted literary trends.

DIFFERENCES

(SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Folklore Influence 

Limited in modern era

Historical Reflection 

Philosophical explorations

Philosophical Depth 

Rationalism and existentialism

Literary Innovation 

Avant-garde movements

Key Characteristics: French literature is highly diverse, emphasizing individuality, philosophy, and universal human themes. Rationality and existential inquiry are central.

Genres: Romance, realism, naturalism, modernism, surrealism, and existentialism.

Style: French literature is known for its clarity, eloquence, and philosophical depth. Experimentation with form and language is common.

Key Figures: Victor Hugo (romanticism, "Les Misérables"), Gustave Flaubert (realism, "Madame Bovary"), and Albert Camus (existentialism, "The Stranger").

Historical Context: French literature evolved through the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and Modernism, consistently challenging traditional norms and exploring human nature.

                                         TURKEY

COMMON FEATURES

Turkish literature reflects the country's unique position bridging East and West. Early works were often influenced by Persian and Arabic traditions, while later periods saw the incorporation of European literary styles. Modern Turkish literature often explores themes of national identity, modernization, and social change. Key authors include Yahya Kemal Beyatlı (poet), Nazım Hikmet (poet), and Orhan Pamuk (Nobel laureate novelist).

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Folklore Influence 

Ottoman folk epics, Sufi themes

Historical Reflection 

Empire-to-Republic transitions

Philosophical Depth 

Sufi spirituality and politics

Literary Innovation 

Blending of East and West

Key Characteristics: Turkish literature is a mix of Islamic traditions, Ottoman influence, and modern Western ideas. Themes of identity, spirituality, and societal transformation are common.

Genres: Ottoman Divan

poetry (classical), folk epics, modernist novels, and political literature.

Style: Turkish literature is characterized by its lyrical and ornate classical style in the Ottoman era, shifting to realism and modernism in the 20th century.

Key Figures: Yunus Emre (Sufi poetry), Orhan Pamuk (modern existential themes, "My Name is Red"), and Nazım Hikmet (Marxist free verse poetry).

Historical Context: After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, literature shifted towards themes of modernization and secularism.

                                      UKRAINE

COMMON FEATURES

Ukrainian literature has a rich history, often marked by themes of national identity, struggle against oppression, and the preservation of cultural heritage. Key authors include Taras Shevchenko (national poet), Lesya Ukrainka (poet and playwright), and Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky (short story writer). The development of Ukrainian literature was significantly impacted by periods of foreign rule and the ongoing struggle for national independence.

DIFFERENCES (SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Folklore Influence 

Deeply rooted

Historical Reflection 

Resistance and oppression

Philosophical Depth 

Allegorical and symbolic

Literary Innovation 

Post-Soviet renaissance

Key Characteristics: Ukrainian literature reflects the nation’s struggles for freedom, the beauty of the land, and its cultural heritage. Themes of resistance, identity, and folklore are prevalent.

Genres: Epic poetry, lyrical verse, social realism, and dissident literature during Soviet rule.

Style: Strongly rooted in folklore and oral traditions, Ukrainian literature often incorporates vivid imagery, melancholic tones, and allegorical storytelling.

Key Figures: Taras Shevchenko (national poet, Romanticism), Lesya Ukrainka (symbolism and modernism), and Serhiy Zhadan (postmodernism).

Historical Context: The 19th century saw a rise in national consciousness, while Soviet repression shaped much of the 20th-century literature. Contemporary works often address war and independence.

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

Art of Painting and Architecture Department

MARIA SOROKINA

Art is the expression of ideas and emotions through a physical medium, like painting, sculpture, film, dance, writing, photography, or theatre. If you love the creative process, maybe you'll devote your life to art.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN BULGARIA, GREECE, FRANCE, TURKEY AND UKRAINE.

BULGARIA

Many surviving monuments of Bulgarian art date back to the ancient and early Byzantine eras.

The eighteenth century marked the beginning of the Bulgarian Renaissance, associated with the renewal of economic relations, spiritual prosperity and national growth of the Bulgarians.
 During the Early Renaissance, Bulgarian fine arts remained firmly connected with the church. At this time, Bulgarian artists were mostly engaged in painting icons and frescoes in churches. Fine arts are considered a craft, although with a privileged status, it is not studied in educational institutions and very often artistic skills are passed on in the family from father to son. This is the main reason why the professional destiny of several generations of men in the family is often connected with fine arts.During the Bulgarian Revival, four main artistic schools emerged in the country: the Tryavna School, the Debar School, the Bansko School and the Samokov School. Representatives of these schools traveled around the entire Balkan Peninsula, creating beautiful works of painting and wood carving that became the pride of Bulgarian culture.

The totality of construction and architectural traditions in Bulgaria and the historical states on its territory. The oldest architectural monuments on the territory of the country appeared in the Neolithic period about 6 thousand years ago. The first Slavic architectural monuments are palaces, temples and surrounding fortress walls (and their style is a composite of all previous styles) and date back to the period of the formation of the First Bulgarian Kingdom in the 9th century.

GREECE

Why is Greek Art Important?
 The ancient Greeks were innovators in the field of art and developed many new styles and techniques to achieve perfect balance and proportion, a concept that has influenced countless artists since.

Sculptures in ancient Greece often depicted mythical figures and idealized human forms. Both ancient Greek architecture and sculptures relied on the use of the golden ratio, a geometric formula for ideal ratios that was used to give balance and symmetry to sculptures and buildings.

What types of art in Ancient Greece?
Art of Ancient Greece - what is the art of Ancient Greece ...

Main periods of art in Ancient Greece
 Geometric (mid-11th - 7th centuries BC).
 Archaic (7th - 5th centuries BC).
 Classical (5th - mid-4th centuries BC).
 Hellenism (mid-4th - mid-1st centuries BC).What are the five methods of Greek painting?

The most common methods of Greek painting are fresco painting, which involves painting directly onto wet plaster; panel painting, which involves painting onto wooden panels; mosaic, which involves creating images by arranging small pieces of colored material; and ceramic painting, which involves decorating ceramic pieces.

FRANCE

What Kind of Art Is France Famous For?
 French Art History in a Nutshell | Artsy
 In the popular imagination, French art is often characterized by the dreamy, smudged landscapes of the Impressionists and the bolder, more colorful works of the great 20th-century masters of la vie bohème in Paris.The late 19th century in French art was dominated by the Impressionists, who were considered radicals for their free brushwork and experimental approach to light and colour, which deviated decisively from realistic representation.

Industry was booming across Western Europe, and technological advances were permeating everyday life and increasing its pace. Characterised by free-form 'impressions' of scenes, this art explored the vagaries

of visual perception and captured the new conditions of urban life. Impressionism in France was led by Monet, Renoir, Manet, Degas, Pissarro, Morisot and Caillebotte, who painted everything from washed-out seascapes, gardens, farmland and picnics to bustling dance halls,

domestic interiors and elegant flaneurs along city streets – all views of the emerging modern world, where industrial development was opening up more time for leisure, whether in the countryside or rapidly expanding urban areas. Their work was initially ridiculed in the high art community, but then gained popularity and spread to other countries.

TURKEY

What type of architecture exists in Turkey?
Early Ottoman architecture experimented with different types of buildings, including single-domed mosques, multi-domed buildings, and religious buildings with T-shaped floor plans. This eventually evolved into the classical Ottoman style, which was consolidated during the 16th and 17th centuries.What is the architecture in

Turkey?
 Turkish architecture: the power of eastern traditions and the influence of the West ...
 Turkish architecture: Seljuk, Ottoman and modern periods The architecture of Turkey is represented by three periods: Seljuk, Ottoman and modern. All three directions are characterized by completely different, contrasting, and sometimes even contradictory features.What are the main types of architecture?
 
 Ancient Greek style
 Ancient Roman architecture
 Romanesque
 Gothic
 Renaissance
 Baroque
 Rococo
ClassicismThe training of Turkish artists in Europe contributed to the emergence of classical genres in painting, new techniques and methods of writing (Suleiman Seyid Bey, Osman Hamdi Bey, Sheker Ahmet Pasha).

UKRAINE

Ukrainian Baroque is an architectural style that flourished in Ukraine in the 17th and 18th centuries. It arose as a result of the synthesis of various cultural influences that developed in Ukraine at that time. Ukrainian Baroque has much in common with other Baroque styles, but has its own unique features.

One of the main features of Ukrainian Baroque is the use of Ukrainian traditional motifs and ornaments in architecture. This can be seen on the facades of buildings in the form of crosses, tridents, coats of arms, plant motifs and other elements that reflect the national identity and culture of the Ukrainian people.Another distinctive feature of Ukrainian Baroque is the use of multi-tiered and different forms on one facade.

The main features of classicism in the architecture of Ukraine include relatively simple forms, strict proportions, geometric precision and the absence of decorative luxury. Buildings of the classicist style, as a rule, consist of simple geometric shapes, such as squares, rectangles and triangles. The facades of buildings of Ukrainian classicism were decorated with decorative elements, such as columns, pilasters, arches and triumphal arches.In Ukraine, neoclassicism continued to be popular in the early 20th century, when other architectural styles such as modernism and constructivism began to dominate the architectural scene.

However, buildings constructed in the neoclassical style are still popular tourist attractions, and their influence can be seen in modern architecture.The main characteristic of modernism is the rejection of classical forms and elements in favor of new innovative forms and materials. Modernist architects used glass, steel, concrete and other modern materials to create more complex structures and forms.In Ukraine, modernism became especially popular in the first half of the 20th century, when the country was going through a period of great perestroika and industrialization.

Of conceptual importance is Article 13(d) of the Convention, which forms the basis of the legal regime for cultural property. In accordance with this article, the states parties to this Convention undertook to recognize the indefeasible right of each State Party to this Convention to classify and declare certain cultural prop-erty as inalienable which should therefore ipso facto not be exported. These are the subject of 

special international protection. The Convention deals with the protection of cultural property designated by the countries themselves, which are of great importance for archeology, prehistory, history, literature and art. The import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property, committed in vio-lation of the rules adopted by the states parties in accordance with this Convention, are deemed illegal

https://en.unesco.org/about-us/legal-affairs/convention-means-prohibiting-and-preventing-illicit-import-export-and

Ratification by Ukraine

Ratified with a statement by Decree of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR No. 5396-XI (5396-11) dated February 10, 1988.

BulgariaRatification15/09/1971

Greece-Ratification05/06/1981 

France – Ratification 24/4/1972

Turkey -Ratification21/04/1981

The norms of the Convention are aimed at improving the statutory provisions of the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organiza-tion (UNESCO) in relation to European countries.

Ratification by Ukraine dated February 24, 1994. 

BulgariaRatification2 September 1991 

Greece-Ratification 10 January 1962 

France – Ratification 5,May 1955 

Turkey -Ratification 10 October 1957 

The purpose of the Convention is to promote the processes of landscape protec-tion, management and planning, and to organize European cooperation on land-scape protection.

The Convention defines measures aimed at preventing negative impact on landscapes.

Ratification by Ukraine September 7, 2005 

BulgariaRatification 24/11/2004 

Greece-Ratification 17/05/2010 

France – Ratification 17/03/2006 

Turkey -Ratification 13/10/2003

The Convention consists of 27 articles and interprets architectural heritage as ex-clusively material. Its norms apply to immovable objects (real estate), which, ac-cording to Art. 1, comprises the following: monuments (paragraph 1), groups of buildings (paragraph 2), sites (paragraph 3) of historical, archeological, artistic, scientific, technical or social interest.

The Convention outlines the minimal requirements to the parties regarding the identification of objects subject to protection and the compilation of relevant lists (Article 2), internal protection procedures (Articles 3–5, 7, 8) and requirements for their financing (Article 6). The Convention also sets out obligations of the parties to apply sanctions in case of violation of the law protecting architectural heritage (Article 9) and implement an integrated policy regarding its conservation (Articles 10–13); the principle of cooperation of state and non-state structures in this area (Article 14). Attention is paid to the training of specialists, the dissemi-nation of science, information, and developing public awareness (Articles 15, 16).

Each party at its own discretion establishes and implements a complex of inter-nal measures for the protection and preservation of the architectural heritage un-der its jurisdiction.

Measures provided for by the Convention, to be implemented in the internal legislation of the states parties, are aimed at creating a unified re-gime for the protection and research of

architectural heritage in the states mem-bers of the Council of Europe.

The supervision of compliance with the provisions of the Convention is entrust-ed to the Committee of Experts, which is formed by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in accordance with the provisions of the Statute of the Council of Europe (Article 17). The Committee of Experts periodically reports to the Council of Ministers on the activities of the states parties in this area, on the implementation of the principles of the Convention, as well as on its own activi-ties, proposes measures for the implementation of the provisions of the Conven-tion, makes recommendations regarding invitations to States which are not mem-bers of the Council of Europe to accede to the Convention (Article 20).

Ratification by Ukraine September 20, 2006. 

BulgariaRatification 25 May 1995 

Greece-Ratification 25 May 1995 

France – Ratification 25 May 1995 

Turkey -Ratification 25 May 1995 

The Law of Ukraine “On Architectural Activity” defines legal and organizational principles of architectural activity. It is aimed at forming of favorable living environment, achievement of aesthetic expressiveness, economic expediency and reliability of houses, constructions and their complexes. 

                 LAWS for the Ideal World

COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON THE EU WORK PLAN FOR CULTURE 2023–2026

(2022/C 466/01)

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022G1207%2801%29&qid=1671635488811

Cinema and Theatre Department

SOTIRIA K.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CINEMA AND THEATRE IN BULGARIA, GREECE, FRANCE, TURKEY AND UKRAINE.

COMMON FEATURES

Promotion of National Culture: All these countries' Ministries aim to promote their national cinema and theatre industries, preserving cultural heritage and supporting local artists

Financial Support: Each country provides funding for cinema and theatre through various grants, subsidies, and cultural programs. For example, France and Greece have systems that involve EU funds, while Turkey uses a national lottery to support arts

Regulation and Legislation: All these countries have established laws and regulations to govern the film and theatre sectors. This ensures that cultural production aligns with national values and promotes local talentInternational Cooperation: They all engage in international cultural projects and collaborations, such as film festivals and theatre exchanges, to enhance their global cultural influence

DIFFERENCES

(SOMETHING THAT YOU CAN’T FIND IN ANY OTHER COUNTRY)

Budget Allocation: France has a larger budget for culture compared to the other countries, with its Ministry receiving billions annually. Greece and Ukraine, however, face more financial constraints, which affect funding for cinema and theatre

Decentralization: Greece has a more decentralized approach, with cultural policies being influenced by local and regional authorities. In contrast, countries like Turkey and France maintain more centralized control over cinema and theatre policy

Cultural Infrastructure: France and Turkey have significant investments in national cultural infrastructure (e.g., theatres, cinemas, museums), while Bulgaria and Ukraine focus more on preserving existing historical and cultural sites rather than building new infrastructure

Private Sector Involvement: Turkey encourages private sponsorship for cultural activities more than countries like Ukraine, where state funding plays a larger role

THE MOST INTERESTING THINGS WHICH CAN BE USED IN OUR IDEAL WORLD

Law for Equal Funding Access:

This law would guarantee that all filmmakers and theatre groups, regardless of size or budget, have equal access to government funding. It would ensure that emerging artists and independent productions receive financial support alongside large, established studios and theatres.

Objective: Promote diversity and creativity in the arts, and prevent a monopoly by big corporations.

Law for Cultural Education and Artist Support:

This law would create a framework for providing free or subsidized education in cinema and theatre for students and professionals, including workshops, university degrees, and apprenticeships.

Objective: Foster new generations of artists and ensure that culture is taught and preserved for the future.

Law for Sustainable Cultural Production:

This law would mandate that cinema and theatre productions follow environmentally sustainable practices, such as reducing waste, using renewable energy, and promoting green initiatives in set design and production.

Objective: Align the cultural sector with global environmental goals and ensure that cultural productions do not harm the planet.

Mass Media Department

Liza Makovs'ka, Maxime Faulon

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF MASS MEDIA IN BULGARIA, GREECE, FRANCE, TURKEY AND UKRAINE.

DEFINITION

WHAT IS MASS MEDIA

Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. The most common platforms for mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the Internet. 

BULGARIA

Television, magazines, and newspapers in Bulgaria are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Bulgaria guarantees freedom of speech and press. As a country in transition, Bulgaria's media system is under transformation. 

The main legislative base is the 1998 Radio and Television Act,.

The EU 2007 Audiovisual Media Services Directive was transposed in Bulgarian law in 2010, including the requirements for cultural diversity. 

A law was adopted in 2014 to restrict media ownership from offshore tax haven-based companies .

The legal basis of Bulgarian media law is the Radio and Television Act. After its latest amendments, the Act now fully complies with the regulatory framework of Directive 2010/13/ EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010, as well as with the relevant provisions from the last amendment of the European electronic communications regulatory framework. 

GREECE

The mass media in Greece refers to mass media outlets based in the Hellenic Republic. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Greece guarantees freedom of speech and press.

The law restricts speech that incites fear, violence and public unrest, as well as publication that are obscene, offending religious belief or calling for violence against the political system. Defamation and insults are crimes punished up to imprisonment.

Access to information is established by the Constitution, and individual access mechanisms are detailed by a 1999 amendment to the Administrative Procedure Code. Access can be restricted for information concerning national security, criminal investigations, as well as privacy concerns. 

The public service broadcaster Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) is regulated by Law 1730/1987. ERT is mandated to manage and develop state radio and TV, and broadcast the activities of the Greek Parliament. It should aim at reaching as many social groups possible and cover a wide range of topics, to satisfy the public interest.

Commercial radio and TV stations were allowed following Law 1866/1989. The state monopoly was finally abolished with Law 2328/1995

FRANCE

Television, magazines, and newspapers in France are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of France guarantees freedom of speech and press.

Law No. 2018-1202 of 22 December 2018 with regard to fake news suggests several measures to limit the impact of false information ,

Decree No. 2020-984 dated 5 August 2020 relaxed certain rules regarding the broadcast of films, increasing the maximum number of hours allotted per year. 

Advertising in television broadcasting is subject to strict regulations in France.116 In particular, advertising must not disrupt the integrity of a film or programme, with at least 20 minutes between two advertising slots. Films may not be interrupted by advertising lasting more than six minutes. 

France became the first Member State to transpose Article 15 of the Copyright Directive through the Law of 24 July 2019, creating a neighbouring right to the benefit of press publishers and news agencies for the online reproduction and representation of their publications by an online communications service provider. 

TURKEY

The mass media in Turkey includes a wide variety of domestic and foreign periodicals expressing disparate views, and domestic newspapers are extremely competitive. However, media ownership is concentrated in the hands of a few large private media groups which are typically part of wider conglomerates controlled by wealthy individuals, which limits the views that are presented. The Constitution of Turkey, at art. 28, states that the press is free and shall not be censored. 

Freedom of information principles have been introduced with the April 2004 Right to Information Act, affording to citizens and legal persons the right to request information from public institutions and private organizations that qualify as public institutions .

The 2007 Press Law was coupled with a “Regulation of Publications on the Internet and Suppression of Crimes Committed Through Such Publications”, authorising the Telecommunications Communication Presidency (TIB) to execute court orders to block websites and to issue blocking orders for the content providers in or outside Turkey for committing crimes such as child pornography, encouraging drug use. Between 2007 and 2010 around 3,700 websites and platforms including YouTube, MySpace, and GeoCities have been blocked. 

UKRAINE

The mass media in Ukraine refers to mass media outlets based in Ukraine. Television,magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-relatedrevenues. The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees freedom of speech and press. As a country in transition, Ukraine's media system is under transformation. The main pieces of Ukrainian Media Legislation are:

Law on Information since 1992 (2011 - new edition), No. 2657-XII