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Buuzzzzzzzzzzzzz! Hey everyone, I am Betty the 

Bumblebee! Let's explore the ABC's of Earth Science!

Let's take a trip up north...way up north to the polar region of 

Antarctica. The A is not for Antarctica, but for the wonderful and 

luminous light show in the sky called the Aurora Borealis. This is an 

atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by 

charged solar particles following the earths magnetic lines of force. 

The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outside of our planet 

and is the world's biggest single structure made by living 

organisms. Varying over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands 

stretching for over 1,400 miles over an area of approximately 

133,000 sq miles. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the 

coast of Queensland, Australia.

Constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere as 

defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). 

There are 88 officially recognized constellations, covering 

the entire sky. The study of all the stars and galaxies in the 

sky is called astronomy. Hey look a comet!

A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and 

consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. It has 

little rainfall and it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or 

no vegetation at all. A grouping of terrestrial ecosystems on a given 

continent that are similar in vegetation structure, physiognomy, features 

of the environment and characteristics of their animal communities are 

known as biomes. This is the desert biome. 

...Is for eruption! An eruption is the ejection of molten 

rock, steam, etc., as from a volcano or geyser. There are 

three different types of eruptions. The most well-observed 

are magma eruptions, which involve the decompression of 

gas within magma that pushes it forward. Phreatomagmatic 

eruptions are another type of volcanic eruption, driven by 

the compression of gas within magma. The third eruptive 

type is the phreatic eruption, which is driven by the 

heating of steam via contact with magma. 

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals, 

plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The 

totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, 

and their placement in fossil-containing rock 

formations and sedimentary layers is known as the 

fossil record.

A geologist is a scientist who studies the solid and liquid matter that 

constitutes the Earth as well as the processes and history that have 

shaped it. Geologists usually engage in studying geology. Geologists are 

engaged in exploration for mining companies in search of metals, oils, and 

other Earth resources. They are also in the forefront of natural hazards 

and disasters warning, studying earthquakes, volcanic activity, tidal 

waves, and weather storms.

A hurricane is a huge storm! It can be up to 600 miles across and have 

strong winds spiraling inward and upward at speed ranging up to 75 to 

200 mph. Hurricanes gather heat and energy through contact with 

warm ocean waters. Evaporation from the seawater increases their 

power. Hurricanes rotate in a counter-clockwise direction around an 

"eye." The center of the storm or "eye" is the calmest part. It has only 

light winds and fair weather. When they come onto land, the heavy rain, 

strong winds and large waves can damage buildings, trees and cars.

Igneous rock is one of the three main 

rock types, the others being 

sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous 

rock is formed through the cooling and 

solidification of magma or lava. 

Igneous rock may form with or without 

crystallization,This magma can be 

derived from partial melts of existing 

rocks in either a planet's mantle or 

crust. Typically, the melting is caused 

by one or more of three processes: an 

increase in temperature, a decrease in 

pressure, or a change in composition.

Jupiter is one of 9 planets in our solar system. It is the 

fifth planet from our sun and the largest. It is the third-

brightest object in the night sky after the moon and 

Venus. The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great 

Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger 

than Earth. 

The kelvin is a unit of measure for 

temperature based upon an absolute 

scale. It is one of the seven base units 

in the International System of Units 

(SI) and is assigned the unit symbol K. 

He Kelvin scale is named after the 

Belfast-born, Glasgow University 

engineer and physicist William Lord 

Kelvin (1824–1907), who wrote of the 

need for an "absolute thermometric 

scale".

The light-year is most often used when 

expressing distances to stars and other 

distances on a galactic scale As defined by the 

International Astronomical Union (IAU), a 

light-year is the distance that light travels 

in vacuum in one Julian year. Because it 

includes the word year, the term light-year is 

sometimes misinterpreted as a unit of 

time.

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second 

smallest planet in the Solar System, after Mercury it is often 

referred to as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide 

prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. The 

rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise 

similar to those of Earth, as is the tilt that produces the 

seasons. 

 Nebula is an interstellar cloud of 

dust, hydrogen, helium and other 

ionized gases. Nebulae are often star-

forming regions, In these regions the 

formations of gas, dust, and other 

materials "clump" together to form 

larger masses, which attract further 

matter, and eventually will become 

massive enough to form stars. The 

remaining materials are then believed 

to form planets and other planetary 

system objects.

The ocean floor, also known as the seabed and sea floor, is 

located at the bottom of the ocean.The structure of the 

oceans, starting with the continents, begins usually with a 

continental shelf, continues to the continental slope – which is 

a steep descent into the ocean, until reaching the abyssal 

plain – a topographic plain, the beginning of the seabed, and 

its main area. 

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