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The periodic table, first drafted by Dmitri Mendeleev, is a system that effectively sorts and places the pure elements. It allows us to determine reactivity, density, physical, and chemical properties of elements, just from their placement.

What is the periodic table?

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What are families and periods?

The periods of a periodic table are the horizontal rows of the elements. The vertical columns, however, are called families. Elements that have the same number of energy levels, or electron shells. These are the orbitals of an atom. Also, as you move from left to right, the atomic number increases, therefor the number of protons increases. When looking at the periodic table, it appears that there are nine periods, but there are seven, and the last two are pulled down to save space, but they actually go in the sixth and seventh periods. Families, otherwise known as groups, are determined by the number of valence electrons usually, or rather, how much of the final shell is full. The elements of which you share families with tend to have similar properties to you, as you have the same number of valence electrons, which determine reactivity and chemical properties. There are 18 groups, going from the most reactive, alkali metals, getting less reactive until you get to the metal where it gets more reactive, the halogens, and then gets to no reactivity, noble gases.

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How Protons Affect Placement

Protons play an important part when it comes to arranging the elements into the periodic table. Protons are the one part of an atom, a subatomic particle to be exact, that determine the identity of an element. Neutrons and Electrons play different roles. Protons are what allow us to determine the identity of an element, and, in fact, as you move right, every element increases by one in the atomic number, or the number of protons. Elements are organized by their protons, as the least amount of protons, the higher and more to the left an element is. The first element in the second period would have a higher atomic number by one than the last element in the first period, because when they reach the end of the period, they go to a new one.

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Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

The metals in the periodic table are on the left side of the elements, and are the most abundant type of element. They are malleable, ductile, great conductors of heat and electricity, and shiny (lustrous). Nonmetals are on the very right side of the periodic table of elements, the only exception being hydrogen, and they are very different from metals in terms of properties. They are brittle, do not conduct heat and electricity well, and are dull. At the border of metals and nonmetals, bordering the star-step line present on some periodic tables as well, are metalloids. They are typically shiny (lustrous), brittle, and conduct heat and electricity decently, on the structure of a semiconductor.

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The Role of Valence Electrons on Placement and Reactivity

Valence Electrons are significant when it comes to forming chemical compounds, because they are the outermost electrons, and determine reactivity. Valence electrons bond with each other during a chemical reaction, which is why the amount of valence electrons present in an atom determine the reactivity of said atom As you would expect, they are also important in the placement of atoms in the periodic table. Having one or seven valence electrons make you extremely reactive, as you can become full/empty by grabbing/getting rid of one electron. Naturally, those atoms are the most likely to jump on an opportunity. Atoms with one valence electron are on the leftmost part of the period, or part of a certain family, in this case, alkali metals. Every atom is assigned to a family based on its amount of valence electrons, or, in the case of noble gases, the fullness of its outer shell. Valence electrons determine the left to right placement of an atom on the periodic table, as well as protons.

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The Families/Groups Present in the Periodic Table

Different groups, or families, some of which go by different names, are present in the periodic table. Elements in the same group, or period, have similar chemical properties and reactivity. Here are all of them, in traditional versions of their names:

Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Transition Metals, Boron Family, Carbon Family, Nitrogen Family, Oxygen Family, Halogens, and Noble Gases.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals are the first family in the periodic table, and each element in the alkali metal family has one valence electron. Three commonly known elements that are a part of the alkali metal family are Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium. Most alkali metals share a few common chemical and physical properties. These are highly reactive elements, that are usually extremely soft. You cannot find an element from the alkali metal family in its purest form because they react to almost everything. They are highly conductive, shiny, have low densities, and are silver in color. Something that is famously known about these, is that they explode when exposed to water. Sodium, which is easily the most known of the six, is found in table salt, which we consume almost every day! Lithium ions and electrons move easily into negative electrodes, which is why they are commonly used in rechargeable batteries, and probably your cell phone battery as well!

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Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals are the second family in the periodic table, and each element in the alkaline metal family has two valence electron. Three commonly known elements are a part of the alkaline earth metal family are Calcium, Beryllium, and Magnesium. Most alkaline earth metals share a few common chemical and physical properties. These are very reactive elements, that are usually shiny. They have higher melting and boiling points than alkali metals. They are mostly conductive, with a white-silver color, and a slightly higer density than most alkali metals. A carbonate of calcium is used in making mortar and cement, every day. Beryllium is commonly used to help the structure in aircrafts, spacecrafts, and missiles.

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Transition Metals

Transition Metals are the third family in the periodic table, each having 1 or 2 valence electrons Three commonly known elements that are a part of the transition metal family are Copper, Iron, and Nickel. Most transition metals share a few common chemical and physical properties. These are elements that are slightly less reactive than alkaline earth metals, of which vary widely in luster. They are good conductors of heat and electricity, are hard, and malleable. Almost all of them have high melting points and are solid at room temperature, mercury being the main exception. Virtually all electronics today contain copper in their circuitry, not because it is the best conductor of electricity, but is the best in terms of value, especially when compared to silver and gold. Iron in red blood cells, as we know, contains hemoglobin. That is why various forms of iron are used in making medicine nowadays.

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Boron Family

The Boron Family is the fourth family in the periodic table, each member having three valence electrons Three commonly known elements that are a part of the boron family are Boron, Aluminium, and Gallium. Members of the boron family are mildly reactive, less than transition metals. A famous physical property for these elements are that they are solid at room temperature. They are mild when it comes to conducting heat and electricity, and are decently shiny. Boron, due to its properties, is used as a rocket fuel igniter! Many metal items contain aluminium, such as CDs, cars, refrigerators, silverware and more.

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