Groups/Families are the vertical families . There are 18 groups in the periodic table each sharing its own unique properties. The elements in a group share physical and chemical properties. A quick tip is that the number in the group is the number of valence electrons, for the elements within each group. If a group number is two digits you would take out the first digit to find out the number of valence electrons.

       Families/Groups

                       Periods

Periods are the horizontal rows on the periodic table. There are 6 periods in the periodic table. As you go from left to right in the period you increase one proton every time you go right. A quick tip to remember is that the period number determines the electron shells for the elements in that period.

                    Role of Protons

 The number of protons is what makes an element unique. If you add or take away a proton the element is changed. The periodic table is organized by the atomic number  which is basically the number of protons. Protons have a positive charge and are in the nucleus with the neutrons. The number of protons always equal the number of electrons in an element.

                 Metals, Non Metals, and Metalloids

Metals lie on the left side of the periodic table extending all the way towards the middle zig zag line consisting of the metalloids. The metals are good conductors, lustrous, malleable, and ductile Metals are solids. Moving on to metalloids. The metalloids are the zigzag line of elements separating the metals from the non-metals. The metalloids are semi conductors, lustrous, but very brittle. Last are the non metals towards the upper right side of the table. These elements are basically the opposite of metals, bad conductors, brittle, not lustrous and mostly in forms of gas.

            Valence Electrons and there role in atoms

Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. The number of valence electrons can help you find the group number thus the chemical properties and physical properties shared within a group. Now lets talk about how valence electrons can affect reactivity. If it has 8 valence electrons it is not reactive cause it is full/ it is a noble gas. The most reactive elements are the ones near the edges like groups 17 and 1. As you go further in the elements start getting less reactive. Elements from group 1 and 17 will react with each other because the element in one can donate one valence electron to the other and they both become full or "happy." This is what valence electrons are and how they play a role in reactivity.

             The Families/Groups in the periodic table

Alkali Metals                                            Carbon Family

Alkaline Earth Metals                            Nitrogen Family

Transition Metals                                    Oxygen Family

Boron Family                                            Halogens

                                                                    Noble Gases

                             Alkali Metals

The Alkali Metals are located on Group 1 on the periodic table. They are called Alkalis because when reacted with water they create alkalis( strong bases capable of neutralizing acids). Some physical properties of these elements are they are shiny ,soft, silvery, and lose an electron to form cations with a charge of +1. Some chemical properties are they are highly reactive at low melting points. They react with water to produce an Alkaline metal, and the reactivity increases the further down you go in the group. Here are some elements in the group, Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, and Rubidium. Some everyday uses of hydrogen is a gas or liquid, and can be used to manufacture process for creating chemicals and food. Lithium is used for rechargeable batteries, and sodium is used to make table salt.

Lithium

Hydrogen

              Alkaline Earth Metals

The Alkaline Metals are located on Group 2 on the periodic table. Some physical properties of these elements are they are shiny ,low densities, silvery-white, and low melting points. Some chemical properties are they lose two valence electrons to form a cations with +2 charge. Here are some elements in the group, beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Barium. Some everyday uses of calcium is that it can be used in tablets. People with calcium deficiency can use these tablets made with calcium to get more calcium in there body. Magnesium is used to make cameras, and beryllium is used to make table different type of springs.

                          Transition Metals

The Transition Metals are located from group 3-12 on the periodic table. Some physical properties of these elements are they are good conductors, have high melting points, have high densities, and is malleable. Some chemical properties are they less reactive. Here are some elements in the group, Copper, Gold ,Silver, Iron, and titanium.  Some everyday uses of gold is that gold is used for many things including jewelry, gold biscuits, and etc. Iron is used for civil engineering and manufacturing. Titanium is used for missiles and spacecrafts cause of the low densities.

                        Boron Family 

The Boron Family is located on group 13 on the periodic table. Some physical properties of these elements are they have low melting points ,but Boron is the only one in the group that has a high melting point and is hard unlike the others. Some chemical properties are they are kind of reactive. Here are some elements in the group, Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium ,and Thallium. Some everyday uses of boron is that it used to make rocket fuel. Some everyday uses of aluminum is that ii is used to make aluminum foil. Some everyday uses of gallium is that it used to make LEDs and circuits.

                            Carbon Family

The Carbon Family is located from group 13 on the periodic table. Some physical properties of these elements are they are . Some chemical properties are they increase atomic radius as you move down the group and decrease ionization and electronegativity as you move down the group. A chemical property is that the family is overall unreactive. Here are some elements in the group, Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead. Some everyday uses of Carbon is that it used to make the holders of knives as shown in the picture. Silicon is used to make computers and microelectronics. Lastly Germanium is used to make alloys and fluorescent lamps.