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Phonetics

           fəˈnɛtɪks

Phonetics Revealed

We have discovered phonetics, the study of speech and the way sounds are heard and articulated in language. The small sounds that make up words are known in linguistic studies as phonemes. These small sounds are characterized by symbols found in the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), where vowels and consonants are categorized based upon the airflow of their speech, and consonants are either voiced or voiceless.

                                SAMPLES 

Plosive voiced: b/d/g - bee/dig/grass

Fricative voiceless: f θ s ʃ h = Five, Think, Sap, Shin, Hip

Phonemes

   foʊɴi:mz

ɫʃ = "ch"(church): voiceless affricates

 vs. 

dʒ = "dg" (judge): voiced affricates

Nasals: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

Approximates: All Voiced

/v/, /j/, /w/, /l/

Phonology

fʌnɑlədʒɪ

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Phonology is the study of speech sounds in language: like vowels, consonants, phonemes, allophones and minimal pairs. Phonology also includes syllables, intonation and stress. Let's dig deeper into the system of phonology.

Overlapping Distribution/Minimal Pairs: Only have one difference in their phonemic construction.

Samples

five vs. hive = faɪv/haɪv: /f/, /h/ both individual sounds are different, this makes these words a minimal pair.

Non-Minimal Pairs

made vs. maid = meɪd/meɪd

    *words with different meanings, but they are      phonemically the same.

Complementary Distribution/Allophones

   *allophones "different articulations of the same sound." And, they are transcribed in [ ].

.
Samples

Here we have different articulations of the sound /l/.

play = [pʰleɪ] the /l/ placement sounds different in

clay = [cʰleɪ] play and clay than it does in in its regular

sound in the words ball, [bal]  and  left [left].

Syllable Structure

V:          a           /eɪ/

CV:       to          /tu:/   (t-consonant, u: - vowel)

CCV:    snow    /snoʊ/ (s-consonant, n-consonant, oʊ - vowel 

VC:       at         /æt/ (æ - vowel, t-consonant)

CVC:    did       /dɪd/ (d-consonant, ɪ-vowel, d-consonant)

Most syllables have three components: The nucleaus, (vowels), the onset and the coda (consonants). 

Syllable Stress

Emphasis on particular syllables of a word

In this video "Happy," by Pharell Williams, you can hear some of the stresses in the chorus /h/ in happy & happiness, the /k/ in clap, /k/ sound in because , /f/ in feel & /r/ in room.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7dPqrmDWxs

(copy & paste the link into your browser)

As an interesting side note: In my travels across the United States I have found 1st and 2nd syllable stresses on a words varies depending on the region.